4. Other Oxides (BeO, CaO, ThO2, CeO, SiO2) Special Refractory Materials
Beryllium oxide (BeO) is an alkaline special refractory material known for its high thermal conductivity, excellent thermal shock resistance, and low electrical conductivity. It possesses favorable nuclear properties, such as strong neutron deceleration ability and high X-ray penetration. However, due to its significant toxicity, its production and application are restricted. It can be used to manufacture containers for smelting rare metals and high-purity metals like Be, Pt, V, as well as neutron decelerators and anti-radiation materials for atomic reactors. In the electronics industry, it finds applications in high-frequency, insulation, and heat-dissipating devices.
Calcium oxide (CaO) is another alkaline special refractory material. While it has a high melting point, its susceptibility to hydration causing powdering limits its practical use. Its products can be employed as crucibles for melting platinum, special refractory materials for jet metallurgy, and other specialized refractories.
Thorium dioxide (ThO2) special refractory material, despite its high melting point of 3050°C, has radioactivity. It can be utilized as crucibles for smelting metals like uranium, osmium, rhodium, and radium, as well as fuel for atomic reactors and heating elements for ultra-high-temperature electric furnaces.
Cerium oxide (CeO) special refractory material, though it has a high melting point, is prone to reduction. Its products can be used as containers for smelting rare earth metals, low-resistance semiconductor devices, and grinding materials.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) special refractory material, known for its extremely low linear expansion coefficient and excellent thermal shock resistance, finds applications in various industries. Fused quartz products can serve as conduits for transporting molten metal, linings for valves and pumps in non-ferrous metal smelting, and refractories for continuous casting. In the chemical industry, quartz materials are employed as acid-resistant and corrosion-resistant linings for containers and reactors. In the glass industry, quartz materials are used for melting tank bricks, arch flow rings, plungers, and thermal repair materials.
Application of refractory compound special refractory materials
1.Carbon and carbide products
Carbon or graphite products are extensively used in the metallurgical industry, with the largest usage in blast furnace carbon bricks for components like the furnace bottom, hearth, and bosh. Carbon bricks are also employed in aluminum electrolytic cells, electric furnaces for producing iron alloys, acid pickling tanks in the electroplating industry, dissolving tanks in the paper industry, reaction tanks and storage tanks in the chemical industry, and high-pressure vessels in the petrochemical industry.
Graphite blocks and graphite electrodes serve as conductive electrode materials in various industrial electric furnaces for steel refining, aluminum electrolysis, magnesium electrolysis, nickel electrolysis, and electric fusion refractories. Due to the excellent conductivity of carbon or graphite products, they are also used to manufacture carbon heating elements.
There are various types of carbides, such as SiC, B4C, ZrC, TiC, WC, among which SiC, B4C, and WC are more commonly used. Silicon carbide (SiC) and its products find widespread applications due to their excellent properties. They are used to manufacture abrasives and grinding tools, non-metallic resistance heating elements, and special refractory materials. In metallurgical industries, silicon carbide products are utilized as lining materials for blast furnaces, and in non-ferrous metal (zinc, copper, aluminum) smelting, they are employed in distillation columns, molten metal conduits in electrolytic cells, suction pumps, crucibles, etc. In the electric porcelain and ceramics industry, silicon carbide products are used for the muffles, shelves, boxes, and other kiln furniture in flame-retardant kilns. Silicon carbide ceramics can be made into high-temperature furnace tubes, thermocouple tubes, radiation tubes, heat exchanger tubes, ceramic rolls, insulating engines, turbine blades, and sealing rings, among others. Silicon carbide products are excellent wear-resistant materials and can be used for making parts in paper machine components, air jet spinning nozzles, etc. In the chemical industry, various parts such as pipes, pumps, valves, etc., can be made from silicon carbide for reaction vessels. Silicon carbide can also be manufactured into heating elements, silicon carbide fibers, and whiskers.
Boron carbide special materials
Boron carbide special materials are mainly used for abrasives and grinding tools. They can also be used in metal smelting, crucibles for single crystal pulling, separation rings for horizontal continuous casting, metal casting molds, sheaths for thermocouples, control agents for atomic energy reactors, moderators, and cover materials for nuclear fuels.
2.Nitride Special Refractory Material
Silicon nitride special refractory material： In the metallurgical industry, it can be used to produce casting containers, pipes for transporting liquid metals, valves, pumps, thermocouple protection tubes, and crucibles, boats, and various lining materials for non-metallic smelting. Its high resistance to heat and impact makes it suitable for manufacturing lining materials for rocket nozzles, missile jet nozzles, and other components. In the mechanical industry, it can be made into turbine blades, turbo blades, and automotive engine blades. Utilizing its excellent wear resistance, it can be used to manufacture bearing balls and rollers, ceramic parts for high-speed textile machines, and cutting and grinding materials. In the building materials and ceramics industry, it can be used to make high-strength, long-life kiln furniture and saggers. Due to its properties as an electrical insulator and dielectric, it can be used as a thin film in integrated circuits.
Boron nitride special refractory material： Due to its high corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and resistance to thermal shock when exposed to molten metals, it can be used to make various containers for molten liquids, crucibles for pulling single crystals, thermocouple protection tubes, and pressure die-casting molds. Its electrical insulation properties make it suitable for use as a furnace lining material in magnetic fluid power generation devices, plasma flow furnaces, high-frequency electrical insulation materials, heat sinks for transistors and integrated circuits, and nozzles for ion rockets. Boron nitride can also be used as a lubricant and release agent, and cubic boron nitride grinding wheels exhibit superior wear resistance compared to those made with diamond.
Aluminum nitride special refractory material： As an excellent corrosion-resistant material, aluminum nitride can be used to make crucibles for melting metals, release agents, and protection tubes. In the aluminum refining industry, it is employed to make containers for aluminum vacuum evaporation. High-purity aluminum nitride can be used as containers for refining gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide, among other semiconductors.
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